Performance Surface Analysis Identifies Consistent Functional Patterns across 10 Morphologically Divergent Terrestrial Turtle Lineages

: Newly-developed methods for utilizing performance surfaces-multivariate representations of the relationship between phenotype and functional performance-allow researchers to test hypotheses about adaptive landscapes and evolutionary diversification with explicit attention to functional factors. Here, information from performance surfaces of three turtle shell functions-shell strength, hydrodynamics, and self-righting-is used to test the hypothesis that turtle lineages transitioning from aquatic to terrestrial habitats show patterns of shell shape evolution consistent with decreased importance of hydrodynamic performance. Turtle shells are excellent model systems for evolutionary functional analysis. The evolution of terrestriality is an interesting test case for the efficacy of these methods because terrestrial turtles do not show a straightforward pattern of morphological convergence in shell shape: many terrestrial lineages show increased shell height, typically assumed to decrease hydrodynamic performance, but there are also several lineages where the evolution of terrestriality was accompanied by shell flattening. Performance surface analyses allow exploration of these complex patterns and explicit quantitative analysis of the functional implications of changes in shell shape. Ten lineages were examined. Nearly all terrestrial lineages, including those which experienced decreased shell height, are associated with morphological changes consistent with a decrease in the importance of shell hydrodynamics. This implies a common selective pattern across lineages showing divergent morphological patterns. Performance studies such as these hold great potential for integrating adaptive and performance data in macroevolutionary studies.