Developing a framework to increase solar photovoltaic microgrid penetration in the tropical region: A case study in Indonesia

Abstract Solar photovoltaic (PV) microgrid has the potential to electrify and decarbonise rural communities in tropical countries, such as Indonesia. The tropical region receives a significant amount of solar radiation throughout the year, benefiting from its equator position. Despite its potential abundance, most equatorial countries have low solar PV microgrid penetration on their grids. Its deployment is hampered by prevailing challenges, such as reliability and bankability. The paper outlines the critical barriers and drivers in developing solar PV microgrids in the tropical region. A framework incorporating technical, economic, and socio-regulatory aspects is developed specifically to leverage the microgrid penetration in Indonesia. Successful implementation of this four-stage framework requires multi-stakeholder governance and engagement.