Local adaptation along a sharp rainfall gradient occurs in a native Patagonian grass, Festuca pallescens, regardless of extensive gene flow

Abstract Increasing global aridity combined with changing environmental conditions might cause irreparable alterations in arid and semiarid ecosystems. Knowledge of within-species genetic diversity and adaptive responses, especially along climatic gradients, becomes critical to inform management, conservation and restoration efforts. We combine the analysis of neutral (microsatellites) and adaptive divergence (morphological traits in common garden experiments) between populations along a sharp precipitation gradient in the native Patagonian grass Festuca pallescens, to disentangle patterns of local adaptation and genetic diversity. The identification of genetically based traits under divergent selection denoted the existence of local adaptation in spite of extensive gene flow. Two plant growth patterns were detected associated with two ecological regions. In arid environments, a trade-off between not resigning foliage production, and reducing the exposure to drying agents resulted in a compacted plant architecture; while in dry-sub humid environments, populations exhibited a wide architecture to cope with rainfall and radiation interception. Increasing aridity and grazing might favor a compact plant architecture, and fragmentation might reduce genetic diversity across these environments. Being a widely distributed species, F. pallescens is an excellent model species to study adaptive responses across environmental gradients facing climate change predictions, especially in dryland rangelands that maintain multiple ecosystem functions.