Comparative Causal Analysis of the Effects of Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist Versus No Long-Acting Bronchodilator Use on Readmission or Mortality After Hospitalization for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background Retrospective observational studies may provide real-world evidence about long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist (LAMA) effectiveness in reducing mortality or COPD-related readmission risk after a COPD hospitalization. Causal inference and competing risk statistical procedures aid in managing confounding and competing outcome events that complicate retrospective analyses.