Towards Quantitative Electromagnetic Field Imaging By Differential Phase Contrast Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy.

Differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (DPC STEM) is a technique to directly visualize local electromagnetic field distribution inside materials and devices at very high spatial resolution. Owing to the recent progress in the development of high-speed segmented and pixelated detectors, DPC STEM now constitutes one of the major imaging modes in modern aberration-corrected STEM. While qualitative imaging of electromagnetic fields by DPC STEM is readily possible, quantitative DPC STEM is still under development because of the several fundamental issues inherent in the technique. In this report, we review the current status and future prospects of DPC STEM for quantitative electromagnetic field imaging from atomic-scale to mesoscopic scale.