Altering of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate presents itself in the form of glucose and glycogen in human body. Carbohydrate is transported in the form of glucose in blood. Metabolism centers on that of glucose. The metabolism pathways of glucose in human body are: anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic oxidation, glycogen synthesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis. Yet, fluoride can inhibit the key enzyme of carbohydrate metabolism pathway to cause its disorder, which then triggers multiple diseases (hyperglycemia as the most commonly diagnosed disease). Meanwhile, fluoride exposure can lower the insulin secretion. Thus, the decrease of insulin mRNA and its β cell secretion is the potential cause of chronic fluorosis-triggered blood glucose level to rise. In addition, carbohydrate forms glycoprotein by bonding with covalent bond and peptide chain amino acid residues, such glycoprotein can transmit information and exert influence on cell recognition, proliferation, and differentiation accordingly. Fluorosis can trigger the altering of carbohydrate metabolism (like collagen and so on) and affect glycoprotein’s function in human body. Such influence can cause damage to multiple systems in the body directly or indirectly and lead to diseases ultimately.