Brood Pheromone Effects on Colony Protein Supplement Consumption and Growth in the Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a Subtropical Winter Climate

Fatty acid esters extractable from the surface of honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hyme- noptera: Apidae), larvae, called brood pheromone, signiÞcantly increase rate of colony growth in the spring and summer when sowering plant pollen is available in the foraging environment. Increased colony growth rate occurs as a consequence of increased pollen intake through mechanisms such as increasing number of pollen foragers and pollen load weights returned. Here, we tested the hypothesis that addition of brood pheromone during the winter pollen dearth period of a humid subtropical climate increases rate of colony growth in colonies provisioned with a protein supplement. Experi- ments were conducted in late winter (9 FebruaryÐ9 March 2004) and mid-winter (19 JanuaryÐ 8 February 2005). In both years, increased brood area, number of bees, and amount of protein supplement consumption were signiÞcantly greater in colonies receiving daily treatments of brood pheromone versus control colonies. Amount of extractable protein from hypopharyngeal glands measured in 2005 was signiÞcantly greater in bees from pheromone-treated colonies. These results suggest that brood pheromone may be used as a tool to stimulate colony growth in the southern subtropical areas of the United States where the package bee industry is centered and a large proportion of migratory colonies are overwintered.