Induction of DNA damage and p21-dependent senescence by Riccardin D is a novel mechanism contributing to its growth suppression in prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo

Purpose Our previous studies had shown that Riccardin D (RD) exhibited cytotoxic effects by induction of apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis and topoisomerase II. Here, we reported that apoptosis is not the sole mechanism by which RD inhibits tumor cell growth because low concentrations of RD caused cellular senescence in prostate cancer (PCa) cells.