Using 3-D Printing and Bioprinting Technologies for Personalized Implants

Abstract Implants and engineered artificial tissues have become widely used for replacement of damaged and injured tissues with a significant level of success. However, patient-to-patient variations in the 3-D architecture and physicochemical and mechanical properties of the tissue to be replaced necessitate methods that can ensure patient-specific implant/engineered tissue design and development. The recent advances in additive manufacturing techniques enable development of such implantable structures. In this chapter, we will first describe the available 3-D printing techniques used for medical purposes with a special focus on bioprinting techniques. This will be followed by a case study (silicone) of potential clinically relevant biomaterials to be 3-D printed with description of the clinical needs (the pathologies that will result in implant-based interventions), technical challenges, bottlenecks, and the required mechanical properties. In the particular example of silicone, the printing technique related mechanical property considerations were elaborated. Three-dimensional printing and bioprinting techniques have provided the basis of personalized implants and engineered tissues; however, the rheological and mechanical properties of the base materials need to be carefully considered for successful (bio)printing of highly complex structures with anatomical conformity from biocompatible materials.