Considerations on the animal model and the biomechanical test arrangements for assessing the osseous integration of orthopedic and dental implants

Abstract In implant research, a central objective is to optimize the osseous integration of implants according to their function and scope of application. In the preclinical stage, the animal model is commonly used to study implants for in vivo host tissue response and biomechanical tests are a frequently applied method for characterization of contact phenomena. However, the individual parameters and options for both the animal model and the biomechanical test arrangements vary widely, which can negatively affect the reliability and comparability of the results. In the present method description, we focus on implants for trabecular bone replacement and outline differentiated considerations for optimizing the animal model and the biomechanical test arrangement best suited for the area of application described. In addition, our aim was to present an optimized and strict study protocol for biomechanical push-out tests and step-by-step instructions in order to achieve precise and comparable results. ■ The rabbit model and the distal femur as an implantation site are ideal for biomechanical assessment of implant osseointegration. ■ Push-out tests are recommended, in which conformity of the axis is mandatory. ■ Sequential examination periods are beneficial, e.g. after 4 weeks for osseohealing and after 12 weeks for osseoremodeling.