Metal-induced molecular diffusion in [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester poly(3-hexylthiophene) based bulk-heterojunction solar cells
2013
We demonstrate the direct evidence of metal-induced molecular diffusion in bulk-heterojunction solar cells and its correlations to the device performance are investigated via ultraviolet and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (UPS and XPS). Both UPS and XPS results indicate that the post-anneal after cathode deposition induces the out-diffusion of [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester toward the cathode, which can provide better hetero-structures and thus improved device performance. However, with aluminum and calcium deposition onto the active layers, the highest occupied molecular orbital of poly(3-hexylthiophene) exhibits opposite shifts after annealing, resulting in different device enhancements of solar cells.
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