Self-assembly of graphene into three-dimensional structures promoted by natural phenolic acids

Three-dimensional (3D) structures of graphene have attracted extensive interest for their practical applications, such as supercapacitors and catalyst supports. Self-assembly is a typical technique to fabricate macroscopic graphene materials integrated with various superior properties. However, an efficient and environmentally-friendly strategy is still needed. In this paper, we report a green and mild method for the synthesis of 3D architectures of graphene. This proposed method is based on the chemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) with the aid of a range of natural phenolic acids and in situ self-assembly of graphene sheets via π–π interactions. The obtained monolithic graphene exhibits low density, super hydrophobicity, high porosity, excellent mechanical strength and electrical conductivity. These multifunctional products can be used as adsorbents for removal of oils, organic solvents and dyes from contaminated water, as well as electrode materials for supercapacitors.