Cholesterol inhibits MMP-9 expression in human epidermal keratinocytes and HaCaT cells

Cholesterol is a major component of skin lipids and acts as a regulator of vesicular trafficking and signal transduction. However, the function of cholesterol on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression of human skin is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effects of cholesterol on MMP-9 expression in normal human keratinocytes (NHK) and HaCaT cells. Basal level of MMP-9 expression was decreased by cholesterol in NHK. On the other hand, MMP-9 expression was increased by the cholesterol depletion agent, methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), while it was inhibited by cholesterol repletion in HaCaT cells. MβCD induced ERK and JNK phosphorylation were prevented by cholesterol repletion. The inhibition of ERK and JNK decreased MβCD-induced MMP-9 expression. Therefore, our results suggest that cholesterol regulates MMP-9 expression through ERK and JNK-dependent pathways.