Microgrids physics model-based fault location formulation: Analytic-based distributed energy resources effect compensation

Abstract Distributed energy resources consideration by fault location formulations is a technical challenge. Stochastic behavior complicates deterministic solutions, while probabilistic approaches are yet to be fully explored. This paper presents analytical physics-based models towards the solution to this challenge. Presented models consider information availability from distributed energy resources to improve the fault location reliability. Information considered is divided into two categories: synchronized measurements provided by intelligent electronic devices located in the substation and in each terminal of distributed energy resources; and linear analytical-based models of distributed energy resources. Distributed energy resources models are used only when remote measurements are not available. Different distributed energy resources technologies and their operation modes are modeled. The presented fault location solution is validated on the IEEE 34-nodes test feeder modified. Easy-to-implement model, without hard-to-design parameters, built on the classical impedance-based fault location solution, indicates potential for real-life applications.