Development and validation of a multi-color model using 3-dimensional printing technology for endoscopic endonasal surgical training

Background: The teaching of endoscopic endonasal surgery has always been difficult because of the complex structure of the nasal cavity, and the unique endoscopic view angle and endoscopic surgical tools. In this study, we have designed a 3D printed multi-color model for training of endoscopic endonasal surgery, and obtained preliminary application results. Methods: The 3D printed model contained facial skin, bony skeleton, internal carotid artery, turbinate, optic chiasm, and a special sellar base with appropriate colors. After it was printed, six otolaryngologists and neurosurgeons assessed the model. Twenty graduate students and residents from otolaryngology or neurosurgery, without prior experience in endoscopic endonasal surgery were recruited and consented for the training. The training results were recorded. The subjective feeling of participants in terms of using 3D printed model in surgical training was investigated after training. Results: All experts strongly agreed or agreed that the 3D printed model has realistic anatomical structure of nasal passage and appropriate colors for different parts, and is a good teaching tool. As the trainees practiced more, the rate and quality of endoscopic operation increased gradually. Compared to the first practice, all recorded training parameters were improved significantly (all P < 0.05). All participants strongly agreed or agreed that they benefited from the training and the 3D printed model can inspire interest and enthusiasm of endoscopic endonasal surgical training. Conclusion: This 3D printed model has realistic anatomical structure of nasal passage and appropriate colors for different parts, and could be a good teaching tool of endoscopic endonasal surgery.