Cytosolic Fe-superoxide dismutase safeguards Trypanosoma cruzi from macrophage-derived superoxide radical

Trypanosoma cruzi , the causative agent of Chagas disease (CD), contains exclusively Fe-dependent superoxide dismutases (Fe-SODs). During T. cruzi invasion to macrophages, superoxide radical (O 2 •− ) is produced at the phagosomal compartment toward the internalized parasite via NOX-2 (gp91- phox ) activation. In this work, T. cruzi cytosolic Fe-SODB overexpressers (pRIBOTEX–Fe-SODB) exhibited higher resistance to macrophage-dependent killing and enhanced intracellular proliferation compared with wild-type (WT) parasites. The higher infectivity of Fe-SODB overexpressers compared with WT parasites was lost in gp91- phox −/− macrophages, underscoring the role of O 2 •− in parasite killing. Herein, we studied the entrance of O 2 •− and its protonated form, perhydroxyl radical [(HO 2 • ); pK a = 4.8], to T. cruzi at the phagosome compartment. At the acidic pH values of the phagosome lumen (pH 5.3 ± 0.1), high steady-state concentrations of O 2 •− and HO 2 • were estimated (∼28 and 8 µM, respectively). Phagosomal acidification was crucial for O 2 •− permeation, because inhibition of the macrophage H + -ATPase proton pump significantly decreased O 2 •− detection in the internalized parasite. Importantly, O 2 •− detection, aconitase inactivation, and peroxynitrite generation were lower in Fe-SODB than in WT parasites exposed to external fluxes of O 2 •− or during macrophage infections. Other mechanisms of O 2 •− entrance participate at neutral pH values, because the anion channel inhibitor 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid decreased O 2 •− detection. Finally, parasitemia and tissue parasite burden in mice were higher in Fe-SODB–overexpressing parasites, supporting the role of the cytosolic O 2 •− -catabolizing enzyme as a virulence factor for CD.