Metabolomics of photobiological hydrogen production induced by CCCP in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Abstract The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can produce hydrogen gas (H 2 ) in the presence of the proton uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP). The addition of 15 μM CCCP to the algal cultures led to 13-fold increase in H 2 photoproduction compared to the control cultures without CCCP treatment. CCCP completely inhibited the photochemical activity of photosystem (PS) II under illumination. In order to better understand metabolic conditions necessary for sustained H 2 production, we have used gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF) for metabolomics analysis that is independent of nutritional stress, specifically, sulfur deprivation, which had been used previously to induce H 2 photoproduction. Even 10 min after addition of CCCP, metabolites from many metabolic modules were found drastically decreased, including levels of free amino acids, unsaturated free fatty acids and nucleotides. During prolonged CCCP exposure H 2 production was found to be stable for at least 12 h with a continued increase in levels of free fatty acids. These results indicate that CCCP might become a useful treatment for production of biohydrogen in reactors. The increase in fatty acid production might then be a useful addition for production of carbon-derived biofuels.