Survey of the living conditions and health status of older persons living in Quilombola communities in Bequimão, Brazil: the IQUIBEQ Project

To analyze the socioeconomic conditions and health status of older persons living in 11 Quilombola communities (settlements originally created by escaped slaves) in the Baixada Maranhense region, Brazil. A cross-sectional household survey of the socioeconomic status, sanitary conditions, health behavior, and self-reported morbidities was conducted with 208 older persons. Fisher’s exact test and the chi-squared test were performed (α = 5%) to determine statistically significant gender and age differences in the prevalence of morbidities and multimorbidities (≥ 2 and ≥ 3 diseases). The respondents were categorized into three age ranges: 60 to 69 years, 70 to 79 years, and ≥ 80 years. The median age was 70. The majority of respondents had poor socioeconomic status and sanitary conditions and showed poor results across all dimensions of health (self-reported health status, limitations in performing activities of daily living, and leisure time physical activity). The most prevalent morbidities were high blood pressure, back problems, and glaucoma/cataracts. Statistically significant gender differences were only found for high cholesterol, asthma/bronchitis, and cancer (p < 0.05). The prevalence of multimorbidity was found to be high (52.9% for ≥ 2 diseases and 26.4% for ≥ 3 diseases; p < 0.001). The prevalence of both groups of multimorbidity was greater among women (p < 0.05) and in the 70 to 79-year age group. Statistically significant differences in prevalence rates across age groups were found among men for both multimorbidity groups (≥ 2 chronic diseases, p = 0.003, and ≥ 3 chronic diseases, p < 0.001). The findings show that older Quilombolas experience poor health and social conditions characterized by the lack of public investment to bring their health status in line with that of the general population.