Direct crystallization of perovskite phase in PMN–PT thin films prepared by polyvinylpyrrolidone modified sol–gel processing and their properties

Abstract A modified sol–gel processing has been developed by using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as modifier and lead nitrate as lead source to synthesize (1− x )Pb(Mg 1/3 ,Nb 2/3 )O 3 – x PbTiO 3 (PMN–PT) thin films with x =0.23–0.43. With PVP additions, perovskite phase could directly crystallize from amorphous films at the temperature as low as 430 °C via bypassing the metastable phase-pyrochlore and crystallinity was significantly enhanced. The PVP addictives have been optimized with molecular weight