Comparative Analysis of Bone Tissue Temperature during Implant Preparation with Variable Drilling Parameters: In Vitro Study

Purpose. The aim of this work was to compare the temperature fluctuations that occur during the development of the implant bed using three different implant systems and the impact on their value of cooling method and rotational speed of drill. Material and Methods. As a model of the human jaw due to the analogy of bone structure and hardness, pig ribs were used. Drills from three different implant systems were used in the study: Straumann® (Straumann GmbH, Basel, Switzerland), AnyRidge® (Megagen Implant Co., Ltd., Daegu, South Korea), and Osstem (OSSTEM IMPLANT CO., LTD., Seoul, South Korea). The sequence of three successive drills was given—from pilot drill to final drill. For each system, a group with two water cooling methods, without cooling, and three different speed ranges, 800, 1200, and 1500 rpm, and their effect on temperature fluctuations was evaluated. The temperature was measured by thermography. Results. The highest temperature increases were noted during preparation with pilot drills. The maximum temperature (50.8°C) was noted for the AnyRidge pilot drill at 1500 rpm without cooling. When cooling with physiological saline, none of the applied drills exceeded 28°C. Significant differences between lack of cooling and cooling with saline at 20°C and 3°C have been demonstrated. During preparation with cooling, the difference between the times of the maximum temperature achievement was observed between AnyRidge® and Osstem (2.6 vs. 1.6 s, ). Conclusion. The experiment showed that the drills of the tested implant systems differed in the amount of heat generated during operation. The temperature of the cooling solution and the rotational speed applied have an influence on its amount.