Simulation-based training and assessment in urological surgery

Simulation has become widely accepted as a supplementary method of training in urological skills, with the greatest number of procedure-specific models and subsequent validation studies carried out in the field of endourology. Skills simulators have been created for laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgery, but only a limited number of validated models are available for open procedures. In this Review, Aydin and colleagues discuss the various modalities of simulators available to urologists and suggest a curriculum for structured surgical training.