Macrophage endocytic trafficking of antiretroviral nanoparticles

Aim: Nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy can improve drug compliance for people infected with HIV. Additional benefits would include specific drug deliveries to viral reservoirs and reduction in systemic toxicities. Methods: In this article, we describe mechanisms of crystalline antiretroviral nanoparticle (NP) uptake, intracellular trafficking and release in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Results: Following clathrin-dependent endocytosis NPs bypassed lysosomal degradation by sorting from early endosomes to recycling endosome pathways. Disruption of this pathway by siRNAs or brefeldin-A impaired particle release. Proteomic and biological analysis demonstrated that particle recycling was primarily Rab11 regulated. Particles were released intact and retained complete antiretroviral efficacy. Conclusion: These results suggest possible pathways of subcellular transport of antiretroviral nanoformulations that preserve both particle integrity and antiretroviral activities demonstrating the potential util...