Multiple shape light sources generated in LiNbO3 nonlinear photonic crystals with Sierpinski fractal superlattices

LiNbO3 nonlinear photonic crystals with two kinds of Sierpinski fractal superlattice structures, in which their domain walls are circle and square cylindrical surfaces for the second order, respectively, are successfully fabricated. Quasi-phase matching and nonlinear Cerenkov harmonics under pulse laser beams are measured. The spot- and line-shaped light sources are realized by quasi-phase matching harmonics. Ten kinds of spot-shaped outputs can be accomplished, in which the quasi-phase matching harmonic conversion efficiency for the fundamental wavelength 1.352 μm reaches 27%. A green line-shaped light source with expansion angle of about 3° is observed, which originates from the coexistence of imperfect collinear and non-collinear quasi-phase matching processes. In addition, the ring-shaped light sources of continuous wavebands from 425 nm to 675 nm are obtained by nonlinear Cerenkov harmonics. The optical properties of quasi-phase matching and Cerenkov harmonics in two kinds of crystals are highly similar to each other.