HREM and EDS analysis of (La, M)TiO3 (M = Zn, Mn) prepared by M/Li ion exchange

High-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) studies of (La, M)TiO 3 (M = Zn, Mn) prepared by M/Li ion exchange were performed to clarify the microscopic mechanism of ion-exchange reactions. At a macroscopic level, EDS analysis revealed that Zn and Mn atoms were homogeneously dispersed in matrix grains of (La, Zn)TiO 3 and (La, Mn)TiO 3 samples, respectively. EDS analysis also revealed that no segregation of Zn and Mn atoms was observed even in the vicinity of grain boundary regions. HREM and EDS analysis demonstrated that the microscopic mechanism of ion-exchange reactions was different by the ion-exchanged metals.