Factors associated with anxiety and depression among type 2 diabetes outpatients in Malaysia: a descriptive cross-sectional single-centre study.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression among type 2 diabetes outpatients in Malaysia. Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional single-centre study with universal sampling of all patients with type 2 diabetes. Setting: Endocrinology clinic of medical outpatient department in a Malaysian public hospital. Participants: All 169 patients with type 2 diabetes (men, n=99; women, n=70) aged between 18 and 90 years who acquired follow-up treatment from the endocrinology clinic in the month of September 2013. Main outcome measures: The validated Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), sociodemographic characteristics and clinical health information from patient records. Results: Of the total 169 patients surveyed, anxiety and depression were found in 53 (31.4%) and 68 (40.3%), respectively. In multivariate analysis, age, ethnicity and ischaemic heart disease were significantly associated with anxiety, while age, ethnicity and monthly household income were significantly associated with depression. Conclusions: Sociodemographics and clinical health factors were important correlates of anxiety and depression among patients with diabetes. Integrated psychological and medical care to boost selfdetermination and confidence in the management of diabetes would catalyse optimal health outcomes among patients with diabetes.