2,N6-disubstituted adenosine analogs with antitrypanosomal and antimalarial activities

A library of 2,N 6 -disubstituted adenosine analogs was synthesized and the analogs were tested for their antiprotozoal activities. It was found that 2-methoxy and 2-histamino and N 6 -m-iodobenzyl substitutions generally produced analogs with low levels of antiprotozoal activity. The best antiplasmodial activity was achieved with large aromatic substitutions, such as N 6 -2,2-diphenylethyl and naphthylmethyl, which could indicate a mechanism of action through aromatic stacking with heme in the digestive vacuole of Plasmodium spp. The activities against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes and Leishmania donovani amastigotes were generally low; but several analogs, particularly those with cyclopentylamino substitutions, displayed potent activities against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and T. b. brucei bloodstream forms in vitro. The most active were 2-cyclopentylamino-N 6 -cyclopentyladenosine (compound NA42) and 2-cyclopentylamino-N 6 -cyclopentyladenine (compound NA134), with the nucleobase an order of magnitude more potent than the nucleoside, at 26 4 nM. It was determined that the mode of action of these purines was trypanostatic, with the compounds becoming trypanocidal only at much higher concentrations. Those 2,N 6 -disubstituted purines tested for their effects on purine transport in T. b. brucei displayed at best a moderate affinity for the transporters. It is highly probable that the large hydrophobic substitutions, which bestow high calculated octanol-water coefficient values on the analogs, allow them to diffuse across the membrane. Consistent with this view, the analogs were as effective against a T. b. brucei strain lacking the P2 nucleoside transporter as they were against the parental strain. As the analogs were not toxic to human cell lines, the purine analogs are likely to act on a trypanosomespecific target. Tropical diseases caused by protozoan parasites, including Chagas’ disease, leishmaniasis, malaria, and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT; or sleeping sickness), are a daily threat to 40% of the world’s population and together are responsible for up to 3 million deaths per year (37). Rapidly growing resistance to the common drugs (8, 12) and the need for their often burdensome parenteral administration, often combined