Characterization and physicochemical properties of nanomaterials

Abstract Nanotechnology has appeared as an emerging field of science in which we use nano-sized particles (nanoparticles) for beneficial uses like soil and water remediation from different contaminants like heavy metals, to improve soil fertility by adding nanofertilizers to nutrient deficient soils, agents to cope with climate change, and use in the medical field as agents for drug delivery and rapid diagnostics. Apart from their benefits, there are some hazards associated with these nanoparticles. They can affect a wide array of organisms through their application, ingestion, or accidental release into environment. They can reduce plant growth, yield, and even cause plant death, and can cause human and animal organ disorders through cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, etc.