Imaging Techniques in the Evaluation of the Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction (NLUTD)

According to ICI 2017 imaging of the upper urinary tract upper urinary tract (UUT) is indicated in cases of NLUTD and urinary incontinence with high risk of renal damage (due to high storage and/or voiding detrusor pressure, e.g., myelodysplasia, spinal cord injury) [1]. There is however no general consensus how frequently this evaluation has been indicated and what test included. European Association of Urology guidelines (EAU) [2] and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines [3] has similar although slightly different recommendations. Currently, the Canadian Urological Association (CUA) and the American Urological Association (AUA) lack guidelines for management of neurogenic bladder. This chapter describes imaging techniques in the evaluation of the patients with NLUTD.