Towards 22% efficient screen-printed bifacial n-type silicon solar cells

Abstract This paper outlines the development of fully screen-printed, uniformly diffused, bifacial, n -type silicon solar cells produced using a lean processing sequence and industry-standard equipment. An average batch efficiency of 21.4% was measured at standard test conditions for an optimised bifacial cell batch (i.e. illumination on the front surface only). The results of open circuit voltage ( V OC ) and fill factor ( FF ) loss analyses are presented for select batches. By targeting reductions in the largest recombination components, optimised batch V OC was increased by 15 mV compared to the baseline case. The two largest recombination components limiting V OC in optimised devices are front contact recombination and passivated rear surface recombination. The largest FF loss components for optimised devices are the emitter sheet resistance and front contact resistance.