Fullerenes in Photodynamic Therapy

The sections in this article are Introduction Photodynamic Therapy Traditional Photosensitizers Photophysics and Photochemistry in PDT Anticancer Mechanism of PDT Cellular Effects In Vivo Effects Antimicrobial Mechanism of PDT Fullerenes as Photosensitizers Photophysics of Fullerenes Photochemistry of Fullerenes Interactions of Fullerenes with DNA Drug-Delivery Strategies for Fullerenes Strategies to Overcome the Unfavorable Spectral Absorption of Fullerenes Covalent Attachment of Light-Harvesting Antennae to Fullerenes Two-Photon PDT Anticancer Effects of Fullerenes In Vitro PDT with Fullerenes In Vivo PDT with Fullerenes Fullerenes for Antimicrobial Photoinactivation Photoinactivation of Viruses Photoinactivation of Bacteria and Other Pathogens Summary and Future Perspectives Acknowledgments Keywords: fullerenes; photodynamic therapy; reactive oxygen species; singlet oxygen; superoxide; photochemical mechanism; phototoxicity; two-photon absorption