Determination of tramadol in pharmaceutical products and biological samples using a new nanocomposite carbon paste sensor based on decorated nanographene/tramadol-imprinted polymer nanoparticles/ionic liquid

In the present research, design and construction of a development potentiometric sensor based on a newly nanosensing layer for the sensitive determination of tramadol in various real samples were suggested. The proposed nanosensing layer was fabricated with the incorporation of a synthesized tramadol-imprinted polymer nanoparticles “as an efficient sensing agent” into the carbon paste matrix composed of graphite powder, decorated graphene nanosheets with silver nanoparticles, and a typically ionic liquid as the conductive pasting binder. The detection limit and the linear range of this study were found to be 2.04 × 10−9 and 3.50 × 10−9 to 1.00 × 10−2 M with a Nernstian slope of 59.85 ± 0.13 mV decade−1, respectively. The presented modified carbon paste sensor was successfully applied for the determination of tramadol in pharmaceutical and biological samples.