Total Syntheses of Phytosiderophores, 3-Epi-Hydroxymugineic Acid, Distichonic Acid A, and 2′-Hydroxynicotianamine

Abstract First total syntheses of the unique phytosiderophores, 3-epi-hydroxymugineic acid ( 2 ), distichonic acid A ( 3 ), and 2′-hydroxynicotianamine ( 5 ), have been efficiently achieved from the same intermediates used for the synthesis of mugineic acid ( 1 ), the typical phytosiderophore.