Reductions in water, soil and nutrient losses and pesticide pollution in agroforestry practices: a review of evidence and processes

Background and aims Agroforestry systems combining trees with crops or pastures have been widely used to reduce water, soil, and nutrient losses and associated water pollution from agricultural lands in both temperate and tropical regions. However, reviews on improvement/efficiency and the scope of such reductions by soil, management, climate, and hydrological processes are limited.