Relating Electron Donor and Carboxylic Acid Anchoring Substitution Effects in Azo Dyes to Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Performance

The relationship between the molecular structures of a series of azo dyes and their operational performance when applied to dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is probed via experimental and computational analysis. Seven azo dyes, with three different donating groups (dimethylamino, diethylamino, and dipropylamino) and carboxylic acid anchoring positions (ortho-, meta-, and para-substituted phenyl rings) are studied. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction is employed in order to analyze the effects of conformation and quantify the contribution of quinoidal resonance forms to the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), which controls their intrinsic photovoltaic potential from an electronic standpoint. Harmonic oscillator stabilization energy (HOSE) calculations indicate that the para- and ortho-azo dyes exhibit potential for DSSC application. However, from a geometrical standpoint, the crystal structure data, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), and density functional theory (DFT) all indicate ...