Rare earth silicates as gain media for silicon photonics [Invited]

ErxY2−xSiO5 and ErxYbyY2−x−ySiO5 crystalline thin films were investigated to apply to the high-gain media for silicon photonics. In addition to the sol–gel method, the directed self-assembly approach, using layer-by-layer deposition techniques, was also introduced to improve the crystallinity. The relaxation processes in Er ions were discussed to clarify the contribution of the energy transfer and cooperative upconversion. After optimization of the Er content, a Si photonic crystal slot ErxY2−xSiO5 waveguide amplifier was fabricated, and a 30  dB/cm modal gain was demonstrated. This achievement demonstrates the potential for compact and high optical gain devices on Si chips.