Touch-screens are not tangible: fusing tangible interaction with touch glass in readers for the blind

In this paper we introduce the idea of making touch surfaces of mobile devices (e.g. touch phones and tablets) truly tangible for Individuals with Blindness or Severe Visual Impairment (IBSVI). We investigate how to enable IBSVI to fuse tangible landmark patterns with layout of page and location of lexical elements -- words, phrases, and sentences. We designed a tactile overlay that gives tangible feedback to IBSVI when using touch devices for reading. The overlay was tested in a usability study, and the results showed the role of tangibility in leveraging accessibility of touch devices and supporting reading for IBSVI.