Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein (H-NS) paralogue StpA activates the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system against natural transformation in Escherichia coli.

: Working mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas systems have been intensively studied. However, far less is known about how they are regulated. The histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein H-NS binds the promoter of cas genes (P cas ) and suppresses the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system in Escherichia coli Although H-NS paralogue StpA also binds P cas , its role in regulating the CRISPR-Cas system remains unidentified. Our previous work established that E. coli is able to take up double-stranded DNA during natural transformation. Here, we investigated the function of StpA in regulating the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system against natural transformation of E. coli We first documented that although the activated type I-E CRISPR-Cas system due to hns deletion interfered with CRISPR-Cas-targeted plasmid transfer, stpA inactivation restored the level of natural transformation. Second, we showed that inactivating stpA reduced the transcriptional activity of P cas Third, by comparing transcriptional activities of the intact P cas and the P cas with disrupted H-NS binding site in the hns and hns stpA null-deletion mutants, we demonstrated that StpA activated transcription of cas genes by binding to the same site as H-NS in P cas Fourth, by expressing StpA with an arabinose-inducible promoter, we confirmed that StpA expressed at a low level stimulated the activity of P cas Finally, by quantifying the level of mature CRISPR RNA (crRNA), we demonstrated that StpA was able to promote the amount of crRNA. Taken together, our work establishes that StpA serves as a transcriptional activator in regulating the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system against natural transformation of E. coliImportance StpA is normally considered as a molecular backup of the nucleoid-structuring protein H-NS, which was reported as a transcriptional repressor of the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system in Escherichia coli However, the role of StpA in regulating the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system remains elusive. Our previous work uncovered a new route for double stranded-DNA (dsDNA) entry during natural transformation of E. coli In this study, we show that StpA plays a role opposite to its paralogue H-NS in regulating the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system against natural transformation of E. coli Our work not only expands our knowledge on CRISPR-Cas-mediated adaptive immunity against extracellular nucleic acids, but also sheds new lights on understanding the complex regulation mechanism of the CRISPR-Cas system. Moreover, the finding that paralogues StpA and H-NS share the same DNA binding site but play opposite roles in transcriptional regulation implicates higher order compaction of bacterial chromatin by histone-like proteins could switch prokaryotic transcriptional modes.