Investigating the charge states of atoms and the directed movement of electrons in a metal

Research into the interaction of ions with a surface and the formation of contact potential difference, galvanic electricity, and alternating current shows that the directed movement of electrons (an electric current) occurs in a metal in the absence of an electric field of the poles of the source of electrical energy in the metal and against the field of charged electrodes. It is assumed that the movement of electrons in the metal occurs under the action of the Coulomb interactions of valence electrons associated with atoms.