Urinary phytoestrogens and cancer, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality in the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Purpose Experimental studies suggest that phytoestrogen intake alters cancer and cardiovascular risk. This study investigated the associations of urinary phytoestrogens with total cancer (n = 79), cardiovascular (n = 108), and all-cause (n = 290) mortality among 5179 participants in the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2004).