Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Historical Background and Terminologies

The spectrum of neuroendocrine neoplasms encompasses lesions of classical endocrine organs including the pituitary and parathyroid; tumors of the dispersed neuroendocrine cells, including the thyroid, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, thymus, breast, and prostate; as well as paraganglia throughout the body including the adrenal medulla. Many of these lesions are increasing in incidence. The history of neuroendocrine neoplasia is filled with fascinating anecdotes and curious discoveries that have shed light on the functions of neuroendocrine cells, the mechanisms of tumorigenesis, the complexity of their pathology, and the genetics underlying the development of these tumors that have a high incidence of familial disease. Here we summarize the important historical events, the controversies, and recent progress in achieving a holistic view of this field of science.