Recurrent Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis After Neurologic Surgery

Background The herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis worldwide. Even with proper treatment, this infection is associated with a mortality rate of 19%–30% and with potential neurologic sequelae. Recurrences of encephalitis are rare and limited to a few cases in the literature. Although the mechanism of reactivation has not yet been clarified, in our patient, the surgery might have acted as a precipitating factor. Case Description The case involved a female 10-year-old patient with a history of type 1 HSV encephalitis since 24 months of age. Secondarily, the patient developed postherpetic epilepsy in the following years. At 10 years old, she was referred to the epilepsy surgery service, and an elective right temporal lobectomy was performed. After surgery, the patient experienced severe clinical deterioration characterized by fever, severe headache, and altered state of consciousness. Encephalitis was diagnosed based on a positive polymerase chain reaction for HSV in the cerebrospinal fluid. The symptoms remitted after 8 weeks of treatment with acyclovir. The histopathologic diagnosis was a chronic encephalitic process with late secondary parenchymal changes without specific viral cytopathic findings. The only limitation that persisted was related to fine movements of the left hand. One year after surgery, the patient rejoined her school activities and is currently free of seizures. Conclusions HSV encephalitis is a rare but serious complication that should be suspected in cases of unexplained postoperative fever with altered consciousness, especially in patients with histories of encephalitic states.