Quantitative analysis with electron energy-loss: spectroscopic imaging and its application in pathology
1995
textabstractAfter the invention of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) in 1931 by Ruska
and Knoll, it took about 20 years to develop the inslmment into a tool for ultrastructural
research. In material science this led to the ability to visualize and investigate atomic
arrangements through the imaging of columns of atoms in a lattice or by electron diffraction.
In biology the instrument enabled the visualization of cell structures at an unsurpassed level
of detail. New cell structures, cells and organisms were depicted and more knowledge was
gained about the complex ultrastructural morphology of the cell. Novel preparation procedures
for fixation, cytochemical staining and labelling, embedding and the llse of ultramicrotomy
and cryo-techniques increased the investigative capabilities of the TEM in the direction of cell
functioning. In physics, right from the beginning, it was recognized that the interaction of
electrons irradiating a specimen can be used not only for visualization but also gives the
opportunity to investigate the chemical nature of the irradiated matter. This opened the way
to the analytical use of the TEM and many instruments were subsequently equipped with
highly specialized detectors for each of the analytical possibilities. In this way true microanalytical
laboratories were created.
Two main types of TEMs have been developed: the scanning transmission electron
microscope (STEM) and the conventional transmission electron microscope (CTEM).
Keywords:
- Physical therapy
- Ultramicrotomy
- Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy
- Environmental scanning electron microscope
- Conventional transmission electron microscope
- Nanotechnology
- Scanning transmission electron microscopy
- Materials science
- Electron diffraction
- Electron tomography
- Low-voltage electron microscope
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