Life Cycle Assesment of Powertrains Based on a Battery, Hydrogen Fuel Cells, and Internal Combustion Engine for Urban Buses under the Conditions of Moscow Oblast

A comparative analysis of the life cycle of powertrains based on internal combustion engines powered by diesel fuel and natural gas, on batteries, and on hydrogen fuel cells was made. The inventory information on the stages of the life cycle of powertrains was collected, including production of structural materials and assembling of powertrain components, production of fuel and power, operation, and recycling/disposal after the service life completion. The results of comprehensive estimation of the energy consumption and СО2 emissions in the life cycle are presented. The structure of the electric power production in the Moscow oblast was used for the comprehensive estimation of the parameters. The cost of hydrogen at which the powertrains based on fuel cells become economically competitive was estimated.