Isolation, fermentation, and formulation of entomopathogenic fungi virulent against adults of Diaphorina citri.

BACKGROUND Mycopesticides are important for integrated management of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. However, there are few reports on the fermentation and formulation for mycopesticides with high virulence against D. citri. RESULTS From five different locations in South China, 12 fungal strains were isolated and classified into Beauveria bassiana (2 isolates), Fusarium fujikuroi (5 isolates), and Cordyceps javanica (5 isolates) based on the phylogenetic analysis of ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS4 and morphology of colonies and conidia. Based on the highest initial virulence (86.52 ± 2.35%) and best growth characteristics, F-HY002-ACPHali was further optimized for the biphasic fermentation (7.85 ± 2.62 × 109 /g dry substrate) with soybean meal + cottonseed flour (1:1) as the solid substrate and full-light as the light/dark cycle. Furthermore, the oil-based conidial formulation was optimized with sesame oil as an effective carrier, which significantly enhanced conidial shelf life up to 16 weeks at 26°C and 4°C, thermo-stress (50°C) and UV-B stress resistance, and virulence against adults of D. citri with increased mortalities and decreased LT50 in comparison to that of unformulated conidia. CONCLUSION Our results not only provide a valuable native strain with high virulence against adults of D. citri, but also imply the soybean meal + cottonseed flour as valuable solid substrate, full-light exposure as environmental stimuli for solid-state fermentation, and the sesame oil as an effective carrier for the formulation of the C. javanica. These findings will facilitate the development of a potential mycopesticide for the biological control of Asian citrus psyllid.