A numerical simulation framework for bubbly flow and sound generation in laboratory-scale breaking waves

A simulation framework for bubbly flow and the sound radiated by breaking waves is presented. It consists of a two-phase flow solver, an algorithm to track bubbles and bubble creation rates, and a module to compute the sound generated by newly-formed bubbles. The sounds from breaking, third-order Stokes waves of 0.25 m wavelength and two slopes are calculated. The results show encouraging agreement with existing laboratory observations and identify the importance of air cylinder breakup in bubble creation. Remaining problems include modeling boundary effects that inhibit bubble coalescence in seawater and the generation of sound by the breakup of air cylinders.