Defining the origin and function of bovine milk proteins through genomics: The biological implications of manipulation and modification

Abstract Recent advances in technology for both describing and interrogating the sequence and structure of animal genomes and their functional variation have presented opportunities for scientists to more clearly understand the complexity of bovine milk protein structure and utility and the control of milk protein gene expression. Using these technologies in conjunction with protein sequence data, we can begin to understand the significance of naturally occurring genetic variation influencing milk protein production and composition and how the proteins in colostrum and milk are processed/digested into biologically active peptides. The challenge is to translate this information into useful nutritional and nutraceutical products that help to underpin the commercial viability of the dairy industry. Recent advances in genetic technologies provide the potential for accurate selection of desirable traits in dairy cow populations through genomic methods. Milk composition may also be modified through gene editing, although consumer acceptance of genetically modified foods is still an issue. We present a review of the current status of bovine milk genomics, including functional genomics and gene editing approaches, and discuss the roles, characteristics, and key bioactivities of the major bovine milk proteins and their encrypted peptides.