A Complex Signaling Cascade Governs Pristinamycin Biosynthesis in Streptomyces pristinaespiralis.

ABSTRACT Pristinamycin production in Streptomyces pristinaespiralis Pr11 is tightly regulated by an interplay between different repressors and activators. A γ-butyrolactone receptor gene ( spbR ), two TetR repressor genes ( papR3 and papR5 ), three SARP ( S treptomycesantibiotic regulatory protein) genes ( papR1 , papR2 , and papR4 ), and a response regulator gene ( papR6 ) are carried on the large 210-kb pristinamycin biosynthetic gene region of Streptomyces pristinaespiralis Pr11. A detailed investigation of all pristinamycin regulators revealed insight into a complex signaling cascade, which is responsible for the fine-tuned regulation of pristinamycin production in S. pristinaespiralis.