Foams and Foam Control

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Theory of Foam and Foam Control 2.1. Characteristic Properties of Foam 2.2. Foam Formation 2.2.1. Surface Activity of Adsorbed Surfactants 2.2.2. Methods of Foam Generation 2.3. Foam Stability 2.3.1. Gibbs Film Elasticity and Marangoni Effect 2.3.2. Rheological Aspects of Foam Stability 2.3.3. Electrostatic Foam Stabilization 2.3.4. Mechanism of Lamellar Rupture 2.4. Foam Inhibition and Destruction 2.4.1. Chemical Foam Inhibition and Destruction 2.4.2. Mechanical Defoaming 3. Antifoaming Agent Composition 3.1. Carrier Oils 3.2. Silicone Oils and Silicone Foam Inhibitors 3.3. Hydrophobic Silica 3.4. Hydrophobic Fat Derivatives and Waxes 3.5. Water-Insoluble Polymers 3.6. Amphiphilic Components 3.7. Emulsifiers 3.8. Coupling Agents 4. Mechanical Means of Combating Foam 5. Foam Problems in Specific Applications 5.1. Detergents 5.2. Food and Beverage Industries 5.2.1. Cleansing and Disinfecting 5.2.1.1. Tank Cleansing Based on the Cleaning-in-Place (CIP) Method 5.2.1.2. Cleansing of Returnable Bottles 5.2.2. Food Processing 5.2.2.1. Sugar 5.2.2.2. Yeast 5.2.2.3. Potatoes 5.3. Metal Treatment 5.3.1. Foam Problems Associated with Cooling Lubricants 5.3.2. Foam in Alkaline Cleansing Solutions 5.3.3. Foam Control in Neutral Cleansers 5.4. Polymer Industry 5.5. Paint and Coating Industry 5.6. Construction Industry 5.7. Adhesives Industry 5.8. Textile Industry 5.8.1. Pretreatment 5.8.2. Dyeing 5.8.3. Foam Application of Textile Auxiliaries 5.9. Leather Industry 5.10. Pulp and Paper Industry 5.10.1. Pulping 5.10.2. Pulping Liquor Disposal 5.10.3. Air Content of Pulp Suspensions 5.10.4. Conversion to Paper 5.10.5. Paper Coating 5.10.6. Waste Paper Deinking 5.11. Phosphoric Acid Manufacture 5.12. Wastewater Treatment 6. Testing Methods 7. Legal Aspects 8. Economic Aspects