The Role of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Polymorphisms in Urinary Bladder Cancer

Urinary bladder cancer (BCa), a high ranked and common cancer around the world is a great concern for the global public health systems. Although our knowledge has been significantly raised up relating to BCa, it is not the same as other types of well-known cancers including breast and prostate cancers. Despite the use of several scientific disciplines comprising genomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, etc., to characterize BCa from different aspects, there is a long way to reach this favorite. Because of limited data and information regarding BCa, the author has done his best try to study different papers regarding BCa which have been published in English in recent 10 years. Due to this fact, different search engines, e.g. Google Scholar, databases, e.g. PubMed/MEDLINE, and websites, e.g. ScienceDirect were used to search, read, and select the effective papers. Although there is a wide range of risk factors predisposing people to BCa, the feature of single nucleotide polymorphism within the toll-like receptor (TLR) genes is recognized as an important one. The feature of polymorphism in TLR genes has been investigated in different types of cancers including breast and prostate cancers; however, our knowledge in association with polymorphisms in TLR genes and their relationship with BCa is very limited. Hence, in this chapter I focus deeply on the role of polymorphisms in TLR genes in BCa.