Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes mellitus: etiology, evaluation, and management.

Objective: To review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes mellitus (CFRD).Methods: We performed a MEDLINE search of the literature, using the search terms "cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, "CFRD," and "cystic fibrosis and diabetes," to identify pertinent articles available in English.Results: In patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), CFRD is a major cause for an accelerated decline in health. It is the result of multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms, including destruction of pancreatic islet cells, impaired hepatic response to the antigluconeogenic effects of insulin, and impaired insulin sensitivity. Nutritional management and adequate caloric intake are paramount to successful management of CF. Although insulin remains the standard of care for treating CFRD in conjunction with fasting hyperglycemia, a small but growing body of literature supports the use of oral therapies. In this article, we discuss the benefits of and possible adverse reactions to the various...